Algae For Ethanol Table of Contents
Legal
1
Acknowledgments
.
2
Table of Contents
.
3
Introduction
.
7
How to use this eBook
.
9
What is Ethanol?
.
10
History of
Ethanol
11
Ethanol myths
.
13
Size and Structure of the US Ethanol Industry
.
20
How Ethanol is Used
.
21
Why Use Algae to Produce Ethanol?
.
22
Ethanol around the world
.
24
Products distilled from ethanol
26
Denatured alcohol
26
Absolute ethanol
26
Rectified spirits
.
26
The Future of ethanol
27
US Algae Market
Potential
29
Market Outlook
.
30
Part 2 Production Overview
..
35
What is a bio-refinery?
.
37
Basic algae ethanol production
.
38
Algae Based Ethanol Feed Stocks
.
39
Algae Based Ethanol Feed Stocks
.
40
Sargassum
..
41
Glacilaria
.
43
Prymnesium
parvum
..
45
Euglena
gracilis
.
46
Spirogyra
.
47
Scenedesmus
dimorphus
.
48
Chlorella pyrenoldosa and vulgaris
.
49
Where to obtain ethanol algae feedstock
.
50
Growing Algae for Ethanol
52
Strain
Selection
.
53
Cultivation
.
55
Open Ponds
.
56
Closed Ponds
.
56
Enclosed Photo bioreactors
.
57
Scale-Up Challenges
.
60
Other feed stocks that can be used
.
61
Sugar Crops
.
63
Sugarcane
.
63
Sugar
Beets
.
64
Sweet Sorghum
..
64
Jerusalem Artichokes.
65
Fodder
Beets
.
65
Fruit
Crops
.
66
Starch Crops
.
66
Grains
.
67
Tubers
.
67
Agricultural
Residue
.
68
Forage Crops
.
68
Building or Buying a Home Ethanol Still
80
Still Plans:
81
Still Kits
.
82
Professionally Built Stills
.
84
Market Opportunities
.
87
Co-production
.
89
Site and Climate Considerations
.
95
Climate
.
96
Water Requirements
.
99
Productivity and Costs
.
102
Dry Milling
.
138
Wet Milling
.
138
Fermentation
.
139
Yeast Strains
.
140
Nutritional Requirements
.
140
Sugar Concentration
.
141
Distillation
.
141
What Is a Biorefinery?
.
144
Conceptual Biorefinery
.
144
The Decision to Produce Ethanol
145
Benefits
.
145
Markets and Uses
.
146
Market Assessment
.
149
Production Potential
150
Financial Requirements
.
152
Financing
.
152
Financial requirements
.
153
Analysis of Financial Requirements
.
154
Organizational form
..
154
Decision Process
.
156
Organizational Form
...
156
Plant Design
.
159
Overall Plant Considerations
.
159
Individual System Considerations
.
164
Process Control
173
Representative Ethanol Plant
.
178
Small/Farm scale equipment suppliers
.
194
Commercial Business Planning
.
202
Permit information
.
202
Water Pollution Controls and Permits
.
204
Overview of Federal and State Polices That Support Ethanol
206
CONVERSION FACTORS
.
223
Glossary
.
224
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